Our Heroes, Your Villains: How Americans Polarize Around Historical Figures
- Political actors often associate themselves with positively valenced historical figures (e.g., Martin Luther King Jr., Jesus) and opponents with negatively valenced figures (e.g., Hitler, Stalin). What factors shape Americans’ understandings of such figures’ ideological orientations? To what extent are these understandings grounded in facts versus figures’ colloquial valence as “heroes” or “villains”? And what are the implications? Drawing on group-identity theories of politics and original nationally representative data in which we had Americans rate historical figures on the left–right ideological spectrum, our analyses revealed three key findings. First, Americans’ placement of historical figures appears far more driven by their valence as heroes/villains and their connection to in-group/out-group biases than where such figures would intuitively be placed in light of facts about them or how they were perceived in their time (e.g., left-right ratings for fascist and communist leaders correlate strongly). Second, the strongest predictors of figure placement and polarization are Americans’ own ideological and partisan in-group commitments. Third, group differences in Americans’ ideological placement of “villains” are more extreme than that of “heroes,” suggesting heroes/villains serve as proxies for common in-group/out-group biases. Findings complicate research on the contested nature of history and suggest how historical figures serve different purposes in contemporary partisan rhetoric.
Task
- More unpacking
SBIRS
- 9:00 Standup
- SoW meeting with Aaron?
- 4:00 ADS meeting
- We’re about 1,000 embeddings from finishing the UMAP run. Next is the clustering. Hopefully I can kick that off before I leave for Trek camp








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